The content and procedures of the first section of ore nature research
The ore dressing test plan refers to the beneficiation plan to be used in the test, including the beneficiation method, beneficiation process and beneficiation equipment. In order to properly formulate the beneficiation test plan, it is first necessary to fully understand the nature of the ore, and must also consider the political, economic and technical factors.
The nature of ore research is extremely extensive, and the methods used are diverse and constantly evolving. Considering that most of the work in this area is undertaken by various professionals, the ore dressing personnel are not required to do it themselves. Therefore, only three issues are discussed here:
(1) A preliminary understanding of the content, methods and procedures of the ore nature study involved in the ore selectivity study;
(2) How to request the research work on ore properties according to the test task;
(3) Through some common examples of mineral test schemes, explain how to analyze the research results of ore properties, and select the beneficiation scheme accordingly.
Contents of ore properties research The content of ore properties depends on the nature of each specific ore and the pseudo-depth of the ore dressing research work, which generally includes the following aspects:
(1) Study of chemical composition The research content of chemical composition is to study the types, contents and mutual combination of chemical elements contained in ore;
(2) Research on mineral composition The research content of mineral composition is to study the types and contents of various minerals contained in ore, and the occurrence forms of useful elements and harmful elements.
(3) Research on the ore structure, the size of the embedded minerals of useful minerals and their symbiotic relationship;
(4) Study on the dissociation degree of the beneficiation product and its continuous body characteristics;
(5) Determination of particle size composition and specific surface;
(6) Studies on the physical, chemical, physicochemical properties and other properties of ore and its constituent minerals. Its content is more extensive, mainly in specific gravity, magnetic properties, electrical properties, shape, color, gloss, luminosity, radioactivity, hardness, brittleness, humidity, oxidation degree, adsorption capacity, solubility, pH, degree of mud, friction angle, and accumulation angle. , grindability, wettability, crystal structure, etc.
Not only the raw ore samples usually need to be studied according to the above, but also the nature of the mineral processing products should be investigated, except that the former is generally carried out before the start of the experimental research work, while the latter is gradually carried out as needed during the test. The research methods of the two are also roughly the same, but the research content of the ore sample is more comprehensive and detailed, and the inspection of the ore dressing product usually only selects some items according to the needs.
The research work on general ore properties begins with sampling of the deposit. In the sampling process of the deposit, in addition to the representative samples required for the study, it is necessary to collect information on the ore and deposit characteristics of the geological exploration. The ore dressing test research work is carried out on the basis of existing research work in the geological department. Therefore, before the research, the nature of the ore of the deposit has been comprehensively and qualitatively understood. The main purpose of the re-study should be:
(1) Check the difference between the sample taken this time and the sample from the past, and obtain accurate quantitative data;
(2) Supplemental geological departments have not done or done enough, but some items that are very important for the beneficiation test, such as the determination of mineral inlay particle size, to investigate the occurrence of a beneficial or harmful component.
The study of ore properties must be carried out according to certain procedures, but it is not static. For some special ores, special procedures are required. For radioactive ores, radioactive measurements are first carried out, and then which minerals are radioactively identified. Chemical composition and mineral identification work. For simple ore, the ore dressing test can be guided by existing experience and general microscopic identification work.
The ore nature study procedure required for the ore dressing test can generally be carried out as shown in Figure 3-1.
The second section of the research method of ore material composition
The study of the chemical composition and mineral composition of ore is generally referred to as the study of the material composition of ore. Its research methods are generally divided into two major categories: elemental analysis methods and mineral analysis methods. In actual work, often by means of particle size analysis (sieving, water analysis), re-election (shaker, chute, sanding pan, heavy liquid separation, centrifugal separation, etc.), flotation: electromagnetic separation, static turtle separation, hand selection The method classifies the materials in advance and then conducts an analytical study. In recent years, various new separation methods and equipment such as electromagnetic heavy liquid method and ultrasonic separation method have been proposed to solve the separation problem of some mineral samples which have been difficult to separate in the past.
First, elemental analysis
The purpose of elemental analysis is to study the chemical composition of the ore and to ascertain the type and content of the elements contained in the ore as soon as possible. Distinguish which are the main ones, which ones are secondary, which ones are beneficial, and which ones are harmful. As for the state of these elements, they usually need to be solved by other methods.
Elemental analysis usually uses methods such as spectral analysis and chemical analysis. The relevant analytical techniques have specific books for reference. Only the basic principles and uses are described here.
l. Spectral Analysis Spectroscopic analysis can quickly and comprehensively identify the types of elements contained in the ore and their approximate range, so as not to miss some rare, rare and trace elements. Therefore, the ore dressing test is commonly used to conduct a general survey of raw ore or products, and to find out which elements are contained, and then perform quantitative chemical analysis. This is very important for the selection and smelting process to consider comprehensive recovery and correct evaluation of ore quality.
Principle of Spectral Analysis: Various elements in ore emit spectral lines of different wavelengths through the action of a certain energy source, recorded by a spectrograph, and then compared with known spectral lines to know which elements are contained in the ore.
Spectral analysis is characterized by high sensitivity, rapid measurement, and the amount of sample required (a few milligrams of tens of milligrams), but the operation is more complicated in accurate quantification, generally only qualitative and semi-quantitative.
Some elements, such as halogen and S, Ra, Ac, Po, etc., can not be determined by spectroscopy; there are also some elements, such as B, As, Hg, Sb, K, Na, etc. Spectral operations are special, sometimes not spectral analysis And directly by chemical analysis.
2. Chemical analysis and chemical multi-element analysis Chemical analysis method can accurately quantitatively analyze the content of various elements in the ore, and accordingly decide which elements must be considered for recycling in the beneficiation process, and which elements are harmful impurities. Its separation. Therefore, chemical analysis is a very important task in understanding the selection of objects.
The chemical analysis is to understand the content of all the components in the ore. The elements detected by spectral analysis, except for traces, all of them are used as chemical analysis, and the sum of the analysis should be close to 100%.
Chemical multi-element analysis is a quantitative chemical analysis of many important and important elements contained in the ore, which not only contains beneficial and harmful elements, but also slag-forming elements. The iron ore may be a single analysis of total iron, soluble iron oxide, iron industry, S, P, Mn, SiO2 , Al2O3, Cao, MgO and the like.
Gold , silver and other precious metals need to be analyzed by pyrometallurgical methods, so they are especially called test gold analysis. In fact, they can also be regarded as a part of chemical analysis. The results are generally combined into the chemical analysis of the ore. Multi-element analysis table.
The full analysis of chemistry requires a lot of manpower and material resources. Usually, only a new deposit with unknown properties is required to conduct a full chemical analysis of the ore. The unit test product is only chemically analyzed for the main elements. Test the final product (mainly referred to as concentrate or intermediate and tailings that require further research) and generally require multi-element analysis as needed.
On how to apply the results of spectral analysis and chemical analysis of Guidance Ore research work, the following give an example of a copper mine.
The results of spectral analysis and chemical multi-element analysis of the copper ore are shown in Tables 3 and 3-2, respectively.
From the results of the spectral analysis listed in Table 3-1, the main useful components in the ore are copper and zinc ; it is possible to use lead and silver in combination; cobalt needs further chemical analysis; iron should be understood after its existence Can you know if you can use it. In addition, it can be seen, the major ore gangue component is silicon aluminate, basic magnesium calcium compound much, thereby determining next target chemical analysis was: (1) the possibility of using metallic Cu, , Zn, Ph, Ag, Fe, Co; (2) SiO2:, Al2O3, CaO, MgO, the main gangue components; (3) S, P, Bi, Au, etc., which are not determined in the spectral analysis. Table 3-2 lists the chemical multi-element analysis results of the ore sample, which can be further determined: (1) the main useful component is copper; (2) pyrite can be comprehensively recovered during the beneficiation process; Gold, silver and diamonds are low in content and are not easily recovered separately during the beneficiation process, but may be enriched in mineral processing products and recovered during the smelting process; (4) the lead content is very low, but may not be considered; Low, but because it may enter the copper concentrate to become an impurity harmful to smelting, it still needs attention during the beneficiation process; (5) The gangue is mainly quartz .
Second, mineral analysis
Spectral analysis and chemical analysis can only identify the type and content of the elements contained in the ore. Mineral analysis can further identify the presence of various minerals in the ore, as well as the content of various minerals, the size characteristics of the inlay and the symbiotic relationship between them. The research methods are usually phase analysis and rock identification.
1. Phase analysis The principle of phase analysis is that the solubility and dissolution rate of various minerals in the ore are different in various solvents. The different concentrations of various solvents can be used to treat the analyzed ore samples under different conditions. Separating the various minerals in the ore to determine the presence and amount of minerals in a sample.
The phase analysis can be carried out on the following elements: copper, lead, zinc, manganese , iron, tungsten, tin , antimony , cobalt, nickel , titanium , aluminum, arsenic , mercury , silicon, sulfur, phosphorus , molybdenum , niobium , indium , Helium , uranium , cadmium, etc.
Compared with rock ore identification, the phase analysis operation is faster and more accurate, but it cannot distinguish all minerals. More importantly, it is impossible to determine the spatial distribution of these minerals in the ore and the inlay and mosaic relationship. The material composition research work is only an auxiliary method, and it is impossible to replace the rock mine identification.
Due to the complex nature of the ore, some elemental phase analysis methods are not mature enough or are continuing to be researched and developed. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the data obtained from phase analysis, rock identification or other analytical methods in order to arrive at a correct conclusion. For example, the mineral composition of an iron ore is relatively complicated. In addition to magnetite and hematite, it also contains siderite, limonite, iron silicate or iron sulfide, due to various iron minerals to various solvents. Solubility is similar, separation is not ideal, and the results are sometimes low or high (such as siderite tends to be high, iron silicate is sometimes low). In this case, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the elements of elemental analysis, phase analysis, rock identification, magnetic analysis, etc., in order to finally determine the existence of iron minerals, and draw up a correct and reasonable test plan accordingly.
2. Identification of rock and minerals Identification of rock and minerals can know exactly which minerals are present in beneficial and harmful elements; identify the minerals, types, contents, grain size characteristics and mosaic relationships of minerals in ores; determine useful minerals in mineral processing products Monomer dissociation.
The method of measurement includes common methods such as macroscopic and microscopic identification and other special methods. When the minerals are identified by the naked eye, some minerals with insignificant or small minerals are extremely difficult to identify, and they are only reliable if they are identified by microscopy. Commonly used microscopes include solid microscopes (binocular microscopes), polarized microscopes, and reflective microscopes.
The stereomicroscope has only a magnifying effect and is a simple continuation of the naked eye observation. It is used to magnify the image of the object and observe the surface of the object. When observing, the ore debris is first spread on a glass plate as a thin layer, and then directly observed, and the minerals are identified according to the characteristics of the mineral form, color, gloss and cleavage. The microscope has a low resolving power, but the observation range is large, and the stereoscopic image of the mineral can be seen. The mineral type, the particle size and the interrelationship between the mineral particles can be initially observed to estimate the mineral content.
In addition to the amplification effect, the polarizing microscope also has two polarizing parts on the microscope - a polarizer (lower polarizer) and an analysis mirror (upper polarizer), plus a rotatable stage, which can be used to observe The polarizing properties of minerals. The microscope can only be used to observe transparent minerals.
The structure of the reflective microscope is the same as that of the polarizing microscope, which has a polarizing part, except that a vertical illuminator is mounted on the microscope barrel. This microscope is suitable for observing opaque minerals. It is required to grind the observation surface of the ore into a smooth plane, that is, to make the ore into a light sheet suitable for microscopic observation. Most of the useful minerals are opaque minerals that are primarily identified using this microscope. Other minerals are used to identify minerals that are not on the table, or minerals that are difficult to identify by microscope alone.
There are three methods for determining the mineral content in the ore under the microscope: the area method, the straight line method and the counting method. The specific measurement of the area (lattice), line length, and number of points of the mineral to be tested, the workload bigger. If the precision is not high in the ore dressing test, the method can be used to estimate the relative content of each mineral in each field of view. It is best to use a cross wire or a mesh eyepiece for easy estimation by grid. . After many observations and accumulated experience, the estimation method can also get quite accurate results.
The above various methods are used to first obtain the volume percentage of the mineral to be tested, and multiply the specific gravity of each mineral to calculate the mineral plating percentage of the sample.
For books on the construction and use of microscopes, the preparation of sheets and polishing sheets, and specific testing techniques, refer to books on geology and oreology.
Third, some special methods for the study of ore material composition
For the case where the state of the elements in the ore is relatively simple, general methods such as spectral analysis, chemical analysis, phase analysis, polarized light microscope, and reflective microscope are generally used. For the complex state of the ore in the ore, it is necessary to carry out in-depth verification work, using some special or new methods, such as thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis electron microscopy, polarography, electrodialysis, laser microspectroscopy , ion probe, electron probe, infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, Mossbauer spectrum, and the like.
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