The largest mercaptoethanol project in Asia was completed and put into operation in Sichuan.
The energy issue has never been more urgent than it is now. The exhaustion of fossil fuel sources is gradually approaching. The price of oil has generally risen. The greenhouse effect caused by the emissions of fossil fuel residues is also worrying. Looking back at history, the large-scale use of new energy has directly triggered the first and second industrial revolutions, which have allowed humanity to enter the “steam era†and “electricity era†one after another. Is history now at a similar crossroads?
Bioenergy may be a major choice for the future. Although the concept of converting bio-organic matter into fuel was already on the day of the birth of the internal combustion engine, various explorations around biofuels have never stopped. But until today, the application of bio-energy has been widely practiced, and related technologies have begun to mature.
Ethanol is currently the most widely used bio-energy Ethanol is the product of biological fermentation and is currently the most widely used bio-energy. The prior art allows it to be converted to hydrogen, the entire reaction takes only 50 milliseconds, and is therefore used to make hydrogen cells, but ethanol is currently mostly used as a fuel.
As early as 1908, Americans designed and manufactured automobiles using pure ethanol, but the mixing of ethanol in gasoline began in the 1930s. After the second oil crisis in the 1970s, countries around the world began to study ethanol gasoline to reduce their dependence on oil. The current leaders in this field are the United States and Brazil, and Brazil is the only country that uses ethanol gasoline nationwide.
The main raw material for ethanol production in the United States is corn starch. The main ethanol gas used is E85, which is a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. In 2005, the United States Senate further passed an energy bill that clearly requires that oil suppliers add 8 billion gallons of ethanol to gasoline each year during the period 2005-2012. The main raw material for ethanol production in Brazil is sugarcane, and the ethanol content in gasoline is 20% to 25%.
China also attaches great importance to the development of ethanol gasoline. As early as during the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, various scientific research institutions led by the Ministry of Communications systematically studied the performance of ethanol gasoline, and oil companies also conducted 22% ethanol gasoline and 5% ethanol diesel operation practices. In 2001, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Nanyang became pilot cities to promote ethanol gasoline. In 2004, they expanded to 10 provinces in the Northeast, North China, Central China, and East China. At present, government departments have formulated two national standards for "denatured fuel ethanol" and "vehicle ethanol gasoline" to regulate the ethanol gasoline market. PetroChina and Sinopec have also formulated a series of corporate standards to provide companies with technical specifications.
Bioenergy still faces many problems. Promoting the use of bioethanol can ease the pressure of oil shortage and environmental pollution, and it is also a new way to promote agricultural industrialization. However, there are still many obstacles for bioenergy to be promoted on a large scale and eventually completely replace oil. Resistance mainly comes from traditional energy companies. Because of the expensive costs involved in upgrading technical equipment, the cost of paid costs on existing facilities is also a heavy burden. This includes upgrading existing internal combustion engines and finding new raw materials for the polymer industry to replace oil. Products and so on. But more importantly, bioenergy has long been used as a raw material for food crops and is likely to affect the normal food supply.
Researchers from Cornell University and the University of California, Berkeley, pointed out that the use of corn, soybeans, and other crops to produce ethanol and biodiesel is not worth the candle, because the energy needed for production is greater than the energy provided by biofuel products. However, the scientists from the National Department of Agriculture and the National Agricultural Science Laboratory of the United States have put forward diametrically opposed opinions. The reason for this disagreement may be that the two sides have different standards and methods for measuring the energy loss in production during the study.
Oil prices are also factors that must be considered in the development of bioenergy. The current concern raised by bioenergy is largely due to rising oil prices, which are not necessarily maintained at high levels in the long term. For example, in the oil crisis of the 1980s, oil prices unexpectedly fell after continuing high levels for three years. If the price of oil falls, the competitiveness of biofuel prices will surely be affected. Therefore, the development of a more efficient biofuel production process is a clear direction for future efforts.
The difficulty in getting biotechnology at the right time and above has provided a broad arena for the use of biotechnology and has also promoted the rapid development of biotechnology. The technology using wood fiber crops as raw materials is a typical example. The source of lignocellulosic fibres is recycled waste paper, trees or straw, the components of which are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, of which cellulose is of interest to us. Current gene technologies that can reduce the proportion of lignin or change its composition have been developed. There are also technologies that allow corn stover to produce its own microbial lignin enzyme that breaks down lignin prior to biorefining. In addition, allowing plants to produce cellulase and degrading their own cellulose is also a way to increase the efficiency of extraction. This technology is also maturing.
Another direction of biotechnology efforts is to increase the biomass that plants can convert into energy, namely the overall biomass (biomass). There are three ways in which this can be done: manipulating the factors that regulate plant growth, increasing the efficiency of plant photosynthesis, delaying or avoiding plant flowering, in order to save energy expenditures for growth.
In general, photosynthesis of plants only absorbs less than 2% of the solar energy. This is because the plant is also undergoing an oxidation reaction to compete with carbon dioxide, which results in low photosynthesis conversion efficiency. However, if transgenic technology is used, adding inorganic carbon transport protein genes derived from cyanobacteria to plant genomes will make photosynthesis more efficient.
Manipulating the genes that regulate plant nitrogen metabolism is also an important way to increase biomass. A study on transgenic poplar shows that the average height of poplar trees with glutamine synthetase gene is 141% of that of ordinary poplars. In addition, plant geneticists have also set their sights on the structure of the trees, trying to maximize the absorption of light energy by designing a reasonable crown and leaf structure. At the same time, the extension of the roots is reduced and the biomass above the ground is increased.
Microbiologists have also made tremendous contributions to the development of biotechnology. They try to produce microorganisms that ferment all common sugars such as glucose, xylose, and mannose. At present, they have discovered several bacteria with outstanding fermentation capabilities, but unfortunately none of them have the strong tolerance of yeast, and they cannot work efficiently in harsh industrial production environments. So some scientists turned to yeast, hoping to give yeast the ability to convert glucose and xylose to produce ethanol, but it took time to develop such "super yeast."
In addition to making significant progress in addressing food security issues, biotechnology has also made tremendous achievements in reducing the production costs of bioenergy, increasing the efficiency of bioenergy production, and replacing petroleum derivatives. Bio-refining processes can be used to extract flavors, seasonings, and nutrients that can be used in healthcare. The residual biomass can be decomposed into bio-materials. Polylactic acid, which is currently attracting attention, is a plastic material derived from bio-materials. It is safe, environmentally-friendly and hydrolytically degradable, and is therefore widely used in food packaging and garment manufacturing. Some biomaterials can also replace existing chemical feedstocks, eliminating the expensive oxidation step required for petroleum-derived materials.
Bio-energy replaces traditional fossil energy is a history that is taking place. It takes biotechnology as the core and involves every country and every individual, which is likely to trigger a new “industrial revolutionâ€. However, unlike previous major changes in the past, the changes triggered by bioenergy have not allowed immediate benefits to end users. Cars that use ethanol may not be faster than cars that use conventional gasoline and will not reproduce some of the overwhelming advantages of the previous industrial revolution, such as the huge differences in the speed of steam locomotives and carriages, diesel locomotives, and steam locomotives. However, its advantage lies in sustainable development, which will lead to global technological changes and will certainly reshape the pattern of international relations.
The energy issue has never been more urgent than it is now. The exhaustion of fossil fuel sources is gradually approaching. The price of oil has generally risen. The greenhouse effect caused by the emissions of fossil fuel residues is also worrying. Looking back at history, the large-scale use of new energy has directly triggered the first and second industrial revolutions, which have allowed humanity to enter the “steam era†and “electricity era†one after another. Is history now at a similar crossroads?
Bioenergy may be a major choice for the future. Although the concept of converting bio-organic matter into fuel was already on the day of the birth of the internal combustion engine, various explorations around biofuels have never stopped. But until today, the application of bio-energy has been widely practiced, and related technologies have begun to mature.
Ethanol is currently the most widely used bio-energy Ethanol is the product of biological fermentation and is currently the most widely used bio-energy. The prior art allows it to be converted to hydrogen, the entire reaction takes only 50 milliseconds, and is therefore used to make hydrogen cells, but ethanol is currently mostly used as a fuel.
As early as 1908, Americans designed and manufactured automobiles using pure ethanol, but the mixing of ethanol in gasoline began in the 1930s. After the second oil crisis in the 1970s, countries around the world began to study ethanol gasoline to reduce their dependence on oil. The current leaders in this field are the United States and Brazil, and Brazil is the only country that uses ethanol gasoline nationwide.
The main raw material for ethanol production in the United States is corn starch. The main ethanol gas used is E85, which is a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. In 2005, the United States Senate further passed an energy bill that clearly requires that oil suppliers add 8 billion gallons of ethanol to gasoline each year during the period 2005-2012. The main raw material for ethanol production in Brazil is sugarcane, and the ethanol content in gasoline is 20% to 25%.
China also attaches great importance to the development of ethanol gasoline. As early as during the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, various scientific research institutions led by the Ministry of Communications systematically studied the performance of ethanol gasoline, and oil companies also conducted 22% ethanol gasoline and 5% ethanol diesel operation practices. In 2001, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Nanyang became pilot cities to promote ethanol gasoline. In 2004, they expanded to 10 provinces in the Northeast, North China, Central China, and East China. At present, government departments have formulated two national standards for "denatured fuel ethanol" and "vehicle ethanol gasoline" to regulate the ethanol gasoline market. PetroChina and Sinopec have also formulated a series of corporate standards to provide companies with technical specifications.
Bioenergy still faces many problems. Promoting the use of bioethanol can ease the pressure of oil shortage and environmental pollution, and it is also a new way to promote agricultural industrialization. However, there are still many obstacles for bioenergy to be promoted on a large scale and eventually completely replace oil. Resistance mainly comes from traditional energy companies. Because of the expensive costs involved in upgrading technical equipment, the cost of paid costs on existing facilities is also a heavy burden. This includes upgrading existing internal combustion engines and finding new raw materials for the polymer industry to replace oil. Products and so on. But more importantly, bioenergy has long been used as a raw material for food crops and is likely to affect the normal food supply.
Researchers from Cornell University and the University of California, Berkeley, pointed out that the use of corn, soybeans, and other crops to produce ethanol and biodiesel is not worth the candle, because the energy needed for production is greater than the energy provided by biofuel products. However, the scientists from the National Department of Agriculture and the National Agricultural Science Laboratory of the United States have put forward diametrically opposed opinions. The reason for this disagreement may be that the two sides have different standards and methods for measuring the energy loss in production during the study.
Oil prices are also factors that must be considered in the development of bioenergy. The current concern raised by bioenergy is largely due to rising oil prices, which are not necessarily maintained at high levels in the long term. For example, in the oil crisis of the 1980s, oil prices unexpectedly fell after continuing high levels for three years. If the price of oil falls, the competitiveness of biofuel prices will surely be affected. Therefore, the development of a more efficient biofuel production process is a clear direction for future efforts.
The difficulty in getting biotechnology at the right time and above has provided a broad arena for the use of biotechnology and has also promoted the rapid development of biotechnology. The technology using wood fiber crops as raw materials is a typical example. The source of lignocellulosic fibres is recycled waste paper, trees or straw, the components of which are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, of which cellulose is of interest to us. Current gene technologies that can reduce the proportion of lignin or change its composition have been developed. There are also technologies that allow corn stover to produce its own microbial lignin enzyme that breaks down lignin prior to biorefining. In addition, allowing plants to produce cellulase and degrading their own cellulose is also a way to increase the efficiency of extraction. This technology is also maturing.
Another direction of biotechnology efforts is to increase the biomass that plants can convert into energy, namely the overall biomass (biomass). There are three ways in which this can be done: manipulating the factors that regulate plant growth, increasing the efficiency of plant photosynthesis, delaying or avoiding plant flowering, in order to save energy expenditures for growth.
In general, photosynthesis of plants only absorbs less than 2% of the solar energy. This is because the plant is also undergoing an oxidation reaction to compete with carbon dioxide, which results in low photosynthesis conversion efficiency. However, if transgenic technology is used, adding inorganic carbon transport protein genes derived from cyanobacteria to plant genomes will make photosynthesis more efficient.
Manipulating the genes that regulate plant nitrogen metabolism is also an important way to increase biomass. A study on transgenic poplar shows that the average height of poplar trees with glutamine synthetase gene is 141% of that of ordinary poplars. In addition, plant geneticists have also set their sights on the structure of the trees, trying to maximize the absorption of light energy by designing a reasonable crown and leaf structure. At the same time, the extension of the roots is reduced and the biomass above the ground is increased.
Microbiologists have also made tremendous contributions to the development of biotechnology. They try to produce microorganisms that ferment all common sugars such as glucose, xylose, and mannose. At present, they have discovered several bacteria with outstanding fermentation capabilities, but unfortunately none of them have the strong tolerance of yeast, and they cannot work efficiently in harsh industrial production environments. So some scientists turned to yeast, hoping to give yeast the ability to convert glucose and xylose to produce ethanol, but it took time to develop such "super yeast."
In addition to making significant progress in addressing food security issues, biotechnology has also made tremendous achievements in reducing the production costs of bioenergy, increasing the efficiency of bioenergy production, and replacing petroleum derivatives. Bio-refining processes can be used to extract flavors, seasonings, and nutrients that can be used in healthcare. The residual biomass can be decomposed into bio-materials. Polylactic acid, which is currently attracting attention, is a plastic material derived from bio-materials. It is safe, environmentally-friendly and hydrolytically degradable, and is therefore widely used in food packaging and garment manufacturing. Some biomaterials can also replace existing chemical feedstocks, eliminating the expensive oxidation step required for petroleum-derived materials.
Bio-energy replaces traditional fossil energy is a history that is taking place. It takes biotechnology as the core and involves every country and every individual, which is likely to trigger a new “industrial revolutionâ€. However, unlike previous major changes in the past, the changes triggered by bioenergy have not allowed immediate benefits to end users. Cars that use ethanol may not be faster than cars that use conventional gasoline and will not reproduce some of the overwhelming advantages of the previous industrial revolution, such as the huge differences in the speed of steam locomotives and carriages, diesel locomotives, and steam locomotives. However, its advantage lies in sustainable development, which will lead to global technological changes and will certainly reshape the pattern of international relations.
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